Rice white tip nematode aphelenchoides besseyi christie 1942 is a parasite in more than 200 plants in 35 genera. Body is cylindrical, slightly ventrally arcuate when heat relaxed and fixed, 0. Status aphelenchoides besseyi christie nematoda terbawa. Pdf rice white tip nematode aphelenchoides besseyi in rice. Aphelenchoides besseyi aphelenchoides besseyi 20040801 00. The free living mycophagous nematode aphelenchoides besseyi can be induced to enter osmobiosis by soaking in osmolytes. Studies on aphelenchoides besseyi christie, 1942 on proso. Aphelenchoides besseyi christie aphelenchoides besseyi christie 19810101 00. Rice white tip nematode, aphelenchoides besseyi, is. A rapid molecular detection method for aphelenchoides besseyi.
In the leaves of lorraine begonia the life cycle is completed in 1011 days at 18c. Details about its biology, distribution and economic importance can be found in eppocabi. We measured the efficacy of a standard disinfestation treatment that consists of soaking seeds in an aqueous emulsion of fenitrothion or fenthion and subsequently airdrying the seeds. Pdf occurrence of aphelenchoides besseyi in strawberry. The nematode exhibits ectoparasitic behaviour with its infection rate matching the development. Conventional and pcr detection of aphelenchoides fragariae in. The whitetip nematode aphelenchoides besseyi is the causal agent of white tip disease of rice, a disease whose occurrence and nematode distribution have been reported in almost every ricegrowing region of. Aphelenchoides besseyi has been reported in many southern u. Among the most important species affected are chrysanthemums and strawberries. Glycoside hydrolase gh 45 and 5 candidate cellulases in. Rice white tip nematode, aphelenchoides besseyi, is the most important and devastating plantparasitic nematode of rice. Effect of watersoaking and airdrying on survival of. Morphological characteristics and measurements of turkish populations of aphelenchoides stammeri are very similar to the original description of the species by korner 1954. Pdf aphelenchoides besseyi christie, 1942 is recorded for the first time on.
This foliar nematode is found in africa, north, central, and south. Several nematicides have been used to disinfest rice seeds contaminated with the white tip nematode, aphelenchoides besseyi. It is a facultative ecto and endoparasite of the leaves and young tissues of rice, the characteristic symptoms including whitening of the top several centimeters of the leaves, necrosis, distortion and crinkling of the flag leaf and reduction in. On the morphology of aphelenchoides besseyi christie, 1942. Rice white tip nematode, strawberry crimp disease nematode. White tip disease caused by aphelenchoides besseyi, is an economic problem in many countries. Specific approval and amendment first approved in september 1993. Assessment of rice cultivars in china for field resistance to. Aphelenchoides besseyi is best known as the causal agent of white tip disease of rice. Incidence of white tip nematode aphelenchoides besseyi in. Aphelenchoides besseyi is an obligate parasite that often causes whitetip symptoms in rice plants. Assessment of rice cultivars in china for field resistance. Molecular characterization and functions of fatty acid and.
Ap he ienc ho id idae synonyms aphelenchoides oryzae yokoo asteroaphelenchoides besseyi christie drotdovski common names white tip or rice leaf nematode nematode foliaire principal hosts fragaria oryza satiua strawberry rice also found on numerous ornamental. Seeds for export should be treated with hot water, unless nematodefree seed can be ensured. Effect of benomyl and carbofuran on aphelenchoides besseyi on. Other species of aphelenchoides are regulated under the marketing directive 9349ce as aphelenchoides spp.
The most important host of aphelenchoides besseyi is oryza sativa rice and the consequent symptoms of damage have given rise to its common name, white. Observations on the foliar nematode, aphelenchoides besseyi. The genus aphelenchoides has a very wide host range usually confined in seeds, become active. A field experiment was conducted to test the efficacy of treatments for the control of white tip nematode aphelenchoides besseyi in rice during 2015. Conventional and pcr detection of aphelenchoides fragariae. The whitetipnematode, aphelenchoides besseyi, is a potential pest of rice in almost ail rice growing areas of the world.
Conventional and pcr detection of aphelenchoides fragariae in diverse ornamental host plant species jamie l. Results showed that administration of treatments in rice cultivation significantly reduced white tip disease symptoms and nematode population in rice grain. The nematode aphelenchoides besseyi was first reported on setaria italica from japan 1. Aphelenchoides besseyi 2004 eppo bulletin wiley online. The head is sharply differentiated from the body in that it is noticeably wider than the neck. Aphelenchoides besseyi is a major nematode pathogen in rice known as the causal agent of white tip disease. This nematode is widely distributed in the rice fields of many states of india, including west bengal wb, andhra pradesh. Two different glycoside hydrolase gh 45 genes were identified in the fern isolates, and only one was found in the rice isolates. Ap he ienc ho id idae synonyms aphelenchoides oryzae yokoo asteroaphelenchoides besseyi christie drotdovski common names white tip or rice leaf nematode nematode foliaire principal hosts fragaria oryza satiua strawberry rice also found on. Aphelenchoides besseyi also infests fragaria species strawberries, where it is the causal agent of summer dwarf or crimp disease. Trehalose metabolism genes of aphelenchoides besseyi.
Observations on the foliar nematode, aphelenchoides. It is sometimes referred to as rice white tip, spring dwarf, strawberry bud, flying strawberry nematode or strawberry crimp disease nematode. Among the districts surveyed, east 2292054100grains and. Transcriptomic analysis of the rice white tip nematode. Effect of temperature on the life cycle of aphelenchoides besseyi. Here, we developed a qpcr assay based on small subunit ribosomal dna ssu.
Among the three methods leading to the infection of young seedlings without obvious mechanical wounds, i. Elimination of whitetip nematode, aphelenchoides besseyi. This foliar nematode is found in africa, north, central, and south america, asia, eastern europe, and pacific islands. It causes serious diseases in rice, and decreases rice yield by 1020% in general and over 30%. Christie 1932 transferred it to aphelenchoides fischer, 1894. Effect ofbenomyl and carbofuran on aphelenchoides besseyi on rice 1 evelyn b. Aphelenchoides fragariae is a foliar nematode which has an extensive host range and is widely distributed through the. General information about aphelenchoides besseyi aplobe eppo global database. Status aphelenchoides besseyi christie nematoda terbawa benih padi di indonesia. Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi ranges in length from 0. Confirmation of the morphological description was made by h. Penelitian di ipb supramana departemen proteksi tanaman, fakultas pertanian, institut pertanian bogor email. Cuticle with fine transverse annulations is present, and annulus is 0.
Rice white tip nematode, aphelenchoides besseyi, is a kind of plant parasitic nematodes that cause serious losses in rice and many other crops. The foliar nematode aphelenchoides besseyi causes white tip disease in rice oryza sativa l. The aims of the present study were to define the transcriptome of a. Pm 739 2 aphelenchoides besseyi 2017 eppo bulletin. Five aphelenchoides besseyi isolates collected from birdsnest ferns or rice possess different parasitic capacities in birdsnest fern. Gergon andjeanclaudeprat division ofplant pathology, international rice research institute, p. Among over 200 plantparasitic nematodes associated with rice prot, 1994, the rice whitetip nematode, aphelenchoides besseyi, is considered. A abe gh51 gene containing an scplike family domain was found only in the fern isolates. Rice white tip nematode, aphelenchoides besseyi, is a nematode causing economic yield losses globally in ricegrowing areas. Management of whitetip nematode, aphelenchoides besseyi. Rice white tip nematode, aphelenchoides besseyi, is a kind of foliar nematodes that feed ecto or endoparasitically aboveground parts of plant, it can parasite in more than 200 kinds of plants in 35 genera. We also measured the efficacy of the same treatments but without addition of. It causes a characteristic whitening of the top 35 cm of the leaf tips. The rice white tip nematode aphelenchoides besseyi, a devastating nematode whose genome has not been sequenced, is distributed widely throughout almost all the ricegrowing regions of the world.
Inspired by former studies regarding the crucial roles trehalose plays in protection and. Aphelenchoides besseyi christie, 1942 is recorded for the first time on rice in mali and upper volta, the morphology is discussed and the description of the species emended. Fatty acid and retinoid binding protein far is a specific protein in nematodes and is related to development, reproduction, infection to the host, and disruption of plant defense reactions, so the inhibition of far function is the potential approach. Aphelenchoides besseyi from fresh, infected tuberose polianthes tuberosa l. It was first scientifically described in 1890 in england. Freeliving nematodes of hungary nematoda errantia, vol. Nematode specimens were killed in a hotwater bath, fixed in 3% formaldehyde and subsequently processed by the seinhorst method seinhorst, 1959. Population structure and species delimitation of rice white. Aphelenchoides besseyi is a plant pathogenic nematode. This nematode is the causal agent of summer dwarf disease. Aphelenchoides besseyi is amphimictic and males are usually abundant huang et al. A aphelenchoides besseyi aphelenchoides besseyi in line b a. Aphelenchoides besseyi christie, 1942 is cited in the list of top 10 plantparasitic nematodes for their economic impacts worldwide. Nine mitochondrial coi haplotypes and 95 its genotypes were identified, suggesting a high genetic diversity and endemism level of a.
This is the first report of aphelenchoides stammeri from turkey. The effect of aphelenchoides besseyi on 27 cultivars of rice 23 japonica and 4 indica was assessed in the field for two seasons during 2010 and 2011. Rice oryza sativa and strawberry fragaria ananasa are the most common hosts 1,2. Request pdf identification and quantification of aphelenchoides besseyi from rice using qpcr rice is an essential food source for humans. The majority of species within the genus aphelenchoides fischer, 1894 are mycetophagous, but a small group including a. Trehalose metabolism genes render rice white tip nematode. Identification and quantification of aphelenchoides.
Aphelenchoides besseyi individuals obtained were evaluated. Aphelenchoides besseyi aplobeoverview eppo global database. Aphelenchoides species occur worldwide fortuner and williams, 1975. Aphetenchoides besseyi, benomyl, carbofuran, rice, seed production. This revision was prepared on the basis of the ippc diagnostic protocol adopted in 2016 on aphelenchoides besseyi, aphelenchoides fragariae and aphelenchoides ritzemabosi annex 17 to ispm 27.
Morphological and molecular identification of two florida. Studies on the ecology of the rice nematode, aphelenchoides besseyi christie. Development of a novel scale based on qpcr for rapid and. Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi black currant nematode, chrysanthemum foliar nematode, chrysanthemum leaf nematode, chrysanthemum nematode, chrysanthemum foliar eelworm is a plant pathogenic nematode. The invention discloses a strain tx4 used for preventing diseases of aphelenchoides besseyi or vegetable root knot nematode and a preparation thereof, belonging to the technical field of preventing and treating diseases of crops and being specially used for biological prevention of the crops. First report of aphelenchoides bicaudatus nematoda. Aug 01, 2004 specific scope this standard describes a diagnostic protocol for aphelenchoides besseyi specific approval and amendment approved in 2003. Studies on aphelenchoides besseyi christie, 1942 on. Population structure and species delimitation of rice. Morphological identification of aphelenchoides besseyi. Reproduction and duration of life of aphelenchoides besseyi christie, 1942. Pm 739 2 aphelenchoides besseyi 2017 eppo bulletin wiley.
Studies on the efficiency of different inoculation methods of rice. The vigorous pathogenic nematodes culturing on botrytis cinerea were used for this experiment. Some organisms can survive extreme desiccation caused by hypertonic osmotic pressure by entering a state of suspended animation known as osmobiosis. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Incidence of white tip nematode aphelenchoides besseyi. The species has been assigned to the family aphelenchidae fuchs, 1937 and later, more appropriately, to aphelenchoididae skarbilovich, 1947. It is a facultative parasite and can feed and multiply on fungi in addition to more than 200 types of plants in 35 genera, of which strawberry fragaria. Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature top of page aphelenchoides fragariae was proposed as a new species of aphelenchus bastian, 1865 by ritzema bos in 1891. Studies on the efficiency of different inoculation methods of. Rice is an important agricultural crop providing nutrition for humans worldwide. Management of whitetip nematode, aphelenchoides besseyi in. To explore the function of trehalose metabolism, two trehalose6phosphate synthase tps genes abtps1 and abtps2 encoding enzymes catalysing trehalose synthesis, and three trehalase tre genes. Aphelenchoides besseyi was not recovered from rice seeds which received hot water treatment at 5560c for 15 minutes, but was observed in seed subjected to hot water treatment at 50c gergon and prot, 1993. Lower temperatures 5253c for 15 minutes for hot water treatment have been reported crawley, 1959.
Pdf white tip nematode aphelenchoides besseyi christie, 1942 is. It causes a characteristic whitening of the top 35 cm of the leaf tips, which later become necrotic, and a crinkling and distortion of the flag leaf enclosing the panicle. Recommendation of the working group on the annexes of the. A rapid molecular detection method for aphelenchoides. After experiencing anaerobic environments, aphelenchoides besseyi will enter a state of suspended animation known as anoxybiosis, during which it may use trehalose as an energy supply to survive. Effect of benomyl and carbofuran on aphelenchoides besseyi. The prevention result of field demonstration shows that the strain has the preventing effect of more. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. It is assumed that sugars in particular trehalose are instrumental for survival under environmental stress.
Aphelenchoides besseyi, to satisfy the requirements of eppo standard pm 21222. Studies on the efficiency of different inoculation methods. Aphelenchoides besseyi is an eppo a2 quarantine pest. Pdf on the morphology of aphelenchoides besseyi christie, 1942. Jan 23, 2017 rice is an important agricultural crop providing nutrition for humans worldwide. To fulfil different research purposes, five methods to inoculate aphelenchoides besseyi onto seedlings and panicles of rice, oryza sativa, were evaluated in this study and the efficiency of the inoculation methods assessed by success rates and recovery rates. Cephalic region is hemispherical in lateral view, 3. Recent detections of this nematode in california have sparked the concern of californias rice industry. A pcrbased diagnostic assay was developed for early detection and identi. Surveys were conducted to document infestation of rice white tip nematode aphelenchoides besseyi during the boro and kharif seasons in west bengal.
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